reproduce (this is a W=1 build): git remote add awilliam-vfio https://github.com/awilliam/linux-vfio.git git fetch awilliam-vfio next git checkout awilliam-vfio/next b4 shazam https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250620032344.13382-2-lizhe.67@bytedance.com # save the config file mkdir build_dir && cp config build_dir/.config make W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=x86_64 olddefconfig make W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=x86_64 SHELL=/bin/bash drivers/vfio/